Formal, Informal and Non-Formal Education — English Bac Éco

Dans le programme du Bac Éco

English has a coefficient of 2 in the Bac Sciences Économiques stream, the same weight as Philosophy and Law. It sits behind the professional subjects (General Economics and Accounting, coefficient 6; Business Organisation, coefficient 3; Applied Mathematics, coefficient 4). The stream's grounding in institutions and collective behaviour makes the English themes on citizenship, organisations and development familiar ground.

À l'épreuve

Three parts: Reading Comprehension, Language, and Writing (about 180 words). Economics candidates are used to analysing collective phenomena and institutions, which helps on essay prompts about international organisations, brain drain or sustainable development — provided the answer stays in plain English, not economics jargon.

Objectifs d'apprentissage

Reuse this vocabulary field in the Bac Éco Reading answers and in the argumentative essay (coefficient 2)
Define formal education: a structured, institutionalised course leading to a diploma
Define informal education: spontaneous, unstructured learning from everyday experience
Define non-formal education: organised learning outside the ordinary school system, with no diploma
Use the related vocabulary: curriculum, hidden curriculum, lifelong learning, vocational training

Notions clés

Formal education

A structured, institutionalised system (school, college, high school, university), organised by levels (curriculum), assessed by exams and sanctioned by a diploma (degree, certificate). E.g. “She received her formal education at a public high school.”

Informal education

Spontaneous, unplanned learning that happens day to day — in the family, among friends, through experience. No assessment, no diploma. E.g. “He learned to cook informally, by watching his grandmother.”

Non-formal education

Organised, intentional learning, but outside the ordinary school system (workshops, association courses, evening classes) — structured like formal education but with no official diploma at the end. E.g. community workshops, adult literacy programmes, vocational training centres.

Erreurs fréquentes

Confusing informal and non-formal: informal is spontaneous and unorganised (in the family), non-formal is organised but outside the school system (an association workshop).

Believing non-formal education leads to no recognised skill: it can lead to vocational certificates, just not to a diploma from the ordinary school system.

Adding an article in fixed phrases: say “formal education” without an article, not “the formal education” in general statements.

Exemple corrigé

Énoncé

Classify these three situations as formal, informal or non-formal education, and justify: (1) A high-school student prepares for the Bac. (2) A child learns to negotiate while playing with siblings. (3) An adult takes a plumbing course at a community centre, with no final exam.

Correction

(1) The high-school student. A structured course at school, sanctioned by a national diploma (the Bac): this is formal education.

(2) The child negotiating while playing. No structure, no explicit teaching aim, learning that arises naturally from daily play: this is informal education.

(3) The adult on a plumbing course. The course is organised and intentional (a centre, a programme), but outside the ordinary school system and with no official diploma: this is non-formal education.

Conclusion. The criteria that separate the three: structure (yes / no) and official diploma (yes / no).

Le cours, puis l'entraînement.

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3 exercices pour t'entraîner

Exercice 1

Easy

Fill the gap: “University is a typical example of ___ education.” (formal / informal / non-formal)

Voir la correction

formal — a structured university course, sanctioned by a diploma.

Exercice 2

Medium

Classify: “Learning your mother tongue at home, without any lessons or exams.”

Voir la correction

Informal education — spontaneous, unstructured learning that happens naturally in the family, with no assessment.

Exercice 3

Hard

Explain in one sentence why an evening adult-literacy class with no diploma is neither formal nor informal education.

Voir la correction

It is not formal education because there is no official diploma from the school system; it is not informal education because the class is organised, planned and has an explicit teaching aim — so it is non-formal education, the middle category between the two.

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Questions fréquentes

Why is this theme on the Bac English programme?

Because it provides a rich vocabulary (curriculum, lifelong learning, vocational training) and a clear conceptual distinction, both reused in essay prompts about education, the school of the future or online learning.

What is the hidden curriculum?

The values, social norms and behaviours that school passes on implicitly (following rules, punctuality, a competitive spirit), alongside the official syllabus.

Which type of education does lifelong learning belong to?

It can be all three at once: taking a diploma as an adult (formal), teaching yourself online (informal), or following continuing professional training (non-formal) — the core idea is that learning does not stop at the end of initial schooling.

How do I fit English revision around the economics and accounting subjects?

A short weekly session: one chapter (rule or word list, two examples), then a short paragraph. Focus especially on the society themes — citizenship, international organisations, development — which are close to your other subjects, and keep a model introduction and conclusion ready. A mark above your average is within reach.

How do I use this theme in the Bac Éco essay without sounding generic?

Anchor each key term in one concrete, personal example — a place, a person, a situation you know. A specific illustration in accurate English scores better than a long list of terms with no support, on any of the society prompts in the programme.